English farmers exit industry

More English farms are up for sale than at any time in the past two decades, as rising costs, falling incomes and inheritance tax reforms hit small farms, accelerating consolidation of the sector.  In the first half of the year the number of farms put up for sale rose to 177, the highest number in any six-month period since 2007 and 16 per cent higher than the five-year average, according to land agent Strutt & Parker. 

“It’s generally smaller farms coming to the market,” Sam Holt, head of estates at the firm told the Financial Times. “It’s been a really challenging few years for the farming industry.” Rising fuel, fertiliser and machinery costs, heavy rain and drought, and tapering subsidies for farmers had slashed income.  Downward pressure on farm incomes and rising input costs make you start to question how sustainable it is to run a [small] farm,” he added.

Arable farmers have been particularly hard hit by high fertiliser costs, as well as weak wheat prices. This was reflected in land values, with arable land priced 6 per cent lower in the first half of the year compared with last year. Pasture land values also fell, down 3 per cent. The average size of farms put up for sale so far this year was 330 acres.

Strutt & Parker categorises anything under 500 acres as a small farm. The number of farms in the UK has been falling steadily for decades, as large farms swallow smaller farms in financial difficulty. According to farm consultancy the Anderson Centre, the number of full-time farms has fallen from 66,510 in 2000 to 55,980 in 2010 and 51,350 in 2025.

The direct payments farmers received under the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy were replaced from 2021 by a new scheme that made farmers apply for funds in exchange for environmentally friendly practices, such as reducing pesticide use and planting diverse crops to improve soil health.

A government-commissioned review of the farming sector last year found that food production was no longer profitable for the average English farm, and that nearly a third of farms in Great Britain were lossmaking, in part due to the transition to the new subsidy scheme.

Changes to inheritance tax rules for farmers have also weighed on sentiment. The government announced in 2024 it was scrapping inheritance tax relief for farmers with assets of more than £1mn from April 2026. After intense lobbying by the industry, the government raised the threshold to £2.5mn. 

As a result, fewer non-farmers have been buying agricultural land. The proportion of farms bought by farmers rose to a seven-year high, or 59 per cent, in 2025, according to Strutt & Parker. The proportion of “lifestyle buyers” — people buying farms to live on, rather than farm — fell to 11 per cent last year, down from 20 per cent five years ago. “There’s obviously less tax advantages to owning land now,” Holt told the FT, adding that returns from farmland were “so poor” that buyers were better off leaving their money in the bank.

Regen farming suits heatwave

Another summer of record-high temperatures in England is accelerating the take-up of regenerative farming, a method that helps restore soil quality by cutting out chemicals and intensive ploughing, making it better at retaining water during hot spells.

Research by Barclays, published this week, found that more than half of the farmers surveyed this year had adopted regenerative practices, with nearly two-thirds of the 233 farmers saying they were reducing their pesticide or herbicide use.   The report can be found here: https://www.barclays.co.uk/content/dam/documents/business/agribusiness/Barclays_Resilience_in_the_Field_1July2026.pdf

 “Farmers are panicking about what to do . . . But those that started regenerative farming 10 to 15 years ago are in a more resilient place,” Martin Lines, chief executive of the Nature Friendly Farming Network told the Financail Times. The acceleration was both climate change-driven and a commercial imperative, the Barclays report found.

Agricultural input prices have increased by 6.7 per cent in the 12 months to April 2026, significantly ahead of inflation, according to official statistics. Fertiliser prices are not as high as they were at the beginning of the war in Iran and closure of the Strait of Hormuz, giving farmers some breathing room.

The price rise provoked fears that arable production would fall significantly next year as farmers opted out of planting. “Much of that concern has dissipated,” Michael Haverty, partner at the Anderson’s Centre farm consultancy told the FT. “Fertiliser prices have not risen by as much as initially feared. As things stand, it gives time for supply to recover ahead of the next major applications of fertiliser in the spring.”

Longer term, farmers are advised to plant hedgerows and trees that provide shade for animals while also supporting biodiversity. “The best time to plant a tree was yesterday,” Holly Purdey, an organic livestock farmer in Somerset told the Pink ‘Un.

Nine years ago Purdey started planting hedgerows and trees to create natural shade for her sheep and cows. She also created natural water storage and flood management by digging ponds and trenches. “Sometimes [farmers] only act when it goes into a point of an emergency, because on farms, we’re often firefighting,” said Purdey.

This year’s arable harvest is projected to be better than last year, which was one of the worst harvests ever recorded. Despite a very dry April and May, late rainfall in May provided some relief for crops, according to the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, a farmer-funded advisory group.

While yield outcomes for the harvest will depend on the severity of the heatwaves this summer, AHDB analyst Helen Plant said there was “reason for cautious optimism”. The take-up of regenerative agriculture has been aided by the UK’s post-Brexit agricultural support schemes, which pay farmers to adopt sustainable farming practices and restore the natural environment.

The scheme should in theory successfully accelerate a transition to environmentally friendly farming, but that the former Conservative government arguably failed to ensure funds were fairly distributed. Last year, 4 per cent of England’s farms were receiving 25 per cent of the available funds, according to Defra.

The Labour government has since redesigned it to ensure smaller farms that were not yet enrolled in the schemes could also access it, opening it for applications in September this year.

Middle East conflict will force up fertiliser prices

Britain imports all its fertilisers and the conflict in the Middle East is likely to force up their cost and, in due course, food prices in the shops.   Given that farmers have most of their stocks for this area, that effect is likely to be felt later in the year.

UK arable farmers will face a “cash crisis” this summer when they are forced to fork out for more expensive fertiliser as the US-Israeli campaign against Iran restricts the global supply of raw materials to help grow crops.  Farmers who grow grains are already under financial pressure following two consecutive years of poor harvests and a five-year low wheat price. 

Now they could see production costs soar, in what would be a repeat of the input cost crisis that followed Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine.   “The hit to farmers’ pockets will be this spring and summer,” Nick Shorter, chief executive of farm management firm Velcourt, which oversees 56,000 hectares of UK arable farmland. told the Financial Times. “There is a real cash crisis looming.”  

 

The majority of arable farmers have secured their supply of fertiliser for the upcoming spring, which means the higher costs will not be reflected in the season’s grain price. But from this month onwards, farmers expect to start ordering fertiliser for next year at a higher price. The Middle East is a major producer of fertilisers and the conflict has caused trade flows through the Strait of Hormuz to grind almost to a halt, forcing up global prices. 

About 35 per cent of global exports of urea, a widely used nitrogen fertiliser, pass through the Strait, according to CRU data, as does 45 per cent of global sulphur exports, used to produce phosphate fertilisers. Granular urea prices in the Middle East have risen from $485 a tonne before the outbreak of the conflict, to $650 at the end of the week. 

The price of ammonia imported to Europe reached a three-year high of $750 a tonne on Friday, according to S&P Global.  “It’s not the same scale of increase that we saw in the Ukraine war but it’s still an extra cost,” David Swales, head of economics at the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, a levy board that supports farmers. told the Pink 'Un.  “We’ve had horrendous weather, the amount of arable [produced] has been down a lot, but the market has been well supplied . . . They’ve got a lower price and less to sell. Higher fertiliser prices chucked on top of that is a challenge for them.” 

Fertiliser is the biggest input cost for arable farmers, making up a quarter of production costs for crops, followed by fuel at about 10 per cent. Velcourt’s Shorter told the FT that since February 24, his urea supplier’s price had risen 14 per cent while ammonium nitrate was up 10 per cent. The price for red diesel had risen 55 per cent to 104p per litre.